How is a Roth Contribution different from an After-tax Contribution? Is it that earnings are taxed in one vs the other? If earnings are taxed, how is it different than a regular brokerage acct?

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Roth contribution - taxed when you earn the principle balance (I.e. as income in your paycheck), but investment earnings are not taxed, so if you take it out at whatever the age is, you pay no more taxes
After tax contribution - taxed when you earn the principle balance (I.e. as income in your paycheck), and investment earnings are taxed when you sell shares...BUT - because you’ve paid taxes on it, you can roll it into a Roth IRA, effectively making it such that you can contribute $57,000-$19500-(your employer’s contribution/match) to your “after tax” 401k, then immediately roll that amount into a Roth IRA. This is called a “Mega Backdoor Roth” and it is awesome.

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@SF1 there's no automatic electronic rollover via the Internet under my company's plan. I literally have to call our 401k administrator and ask for a rollover to a Roth of my after tax in service distribution. They ask me for the name of my Roth Administrator which is Fidelity Management Trust Co and my Roth account #. Then they print and mail me the check. Then I have to walk over to Fidelity office and tell them I have a rollover check I need to deposit into my Roth account. Separately, if I make under certain amount of $, I can make additional regular Roth IRA contributions.

Your money can be taxed at three different stages when you invest: contribution, growth, and disbursement.

Roth accounts are tax advantaged as there is no tax on growth and disbursement; contributions are after tax.

A regular taxable brokerage account is taxed at all three stages.

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